This article provides an overview of the development and structure of spore and pollen walls in the major plant groups and summarises progress in our understanding of the molecular genetics underpinning spore/pollen evolution and development.
The exine, or outer layer of a pollen grain or spore, is extremely varied in structure. Decades of research have attempted to discover the underlying developmental mechanisms that give rise to the enormous diversity of...
Although plant reproductive structures are incredibly diverse overall, unrelated groups can show strong convergence in specific forms. Bonacorsi and Leslie use lycopsids, an ancient lineage with relatively simple...
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Lulu Stader
Alex Assiry
Alun Salt
