It has generally been considered that the flowers of Scrophularia are mainly pollinated by wasps. Ortega-Olivencia et al. study the four species with the largest and most striking flowers in Europe and Macaronesia (S. sambucifolia, S. grandiflora, S. trifoliata and S. calliantha) and demonstrate the existence of a mixed pollination system between Hymenoptera and passerine birds. A lizard, Gallotia stehlini, is also found to interact in the pollination system of S. calliantha.
As temperatures rise, the life span of a crucial pollinator diminishes to the extent it may not be able to do its job.
New research shows that loss of a group of pollinators doesn't always have a predictable decline in pollination success.
The extreme complexity of asclepiad flowers (Asclepiadoideae–Apocynaceae) has generated much interest in the pollination biology of this group of plants. Wiemer et al. study pollination mechanisms and pollinators of two...
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