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NASA/James Acker.

The real butterfly effect

In Chaos Theory, the butterfly effect refers to the notion that a small change at one place can result in much larger differences to a later state. The example used to illustrate this – and which gives the phenomenon...

Lichen Lecanora conizaeoides in German forest

“It’s an ill wind…

… that blows nobody any good” is an old English idiom that suggests that most bad things that happen have a good result for someone, somewhere. And Markus Hauck and colleagues in Göttingen, Germany, have illustrated...

Increased pH and dieback of lichen

Increased pH and dieback of lichen

Increased pH and dieback of lichen Lecanora conizaeoides is an epiphytic lichen adapted to very acidic conditions, and a reduction in atmospheric SO2 in western and central Europe has coincided with a dramatic decline...