The flowers of Aquilegia eximia, the serpentine columbine, face downward, but the hummingbirds that pollinate it prefer horizontal flowers, so why do the flowers face the wrong way?
Bilateral symmetry has evolved as an adaptive trait linked to efficient pollination and successful outcrossing, occurring over 170 times in angiosperms and in many plant groups relying upon the asymmetric expression of...
Floral bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy) has evolved at least 70 times during the history of angiosperms, whilst radial symmetry (actinomorphy) is the ancestral and most common state for angiosperms as a whole. Sauquet et...
The pollinator-mediated stabilizing selection hypothesis suggests that the specialized pollination system of zygomorphic flowers might cause stabilizing selection, reducing their flower size variation compared to...