Which ornamental plants perform best for pollinators?

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Many gardeners want to make a home for wildlife in their garden, and there are lists you can find that tell you what species attract pollinators. But when you go shopping for these plants, it gets more complicated. Sure, bees like Salvia, but which variety or cultivar of Salvia works best? Emily Erickson and colleagues have tested popular plants to see which varieties are most popular. Their research, published in a forthcoming issue of Annals of Botany, gives some clues for what to look for in pollinator-friendly plants.

The team found that the best performing cultivars tended to be those close to the wild form of the plants. For example, in Agastache, the cultivars most attractive to plants were ‘Blue fortune’, ‘Black adder’, and ‘Foeniculum’, which all share shades of purple. In contrast, the more orange-coloured ‘Heatwave’ and ‘Summer glow’ were much less popular.

A graph showing how bees responded to different cultivars. For agastache, they clearly liked Black adder, Blue fortune, and Foeniculum but did not rate Heatwave or Summer glow. For echinacea, the popular cultivars were Magnus, Orange skipper and Pica belle. They did not like Pow wow white. In Rudbeckia they liked Herbstonne, but did not like Fulgidia, Goldstrum, Indian summer nor Triloba. — Graph of bee selections for cultivars. Source: Erickson *et al*. 2022.

“I recommend that people opt for more ‘natural’ looking plants when selecting flowers for pollinators – that is, avoid doubled varieties or those with novelty colours. Novelty certainly doesn’t preclude visitation by pollinators, and indeed can in some cases, promote visits by new species. However, I found that the most reliably attractive cultivars within genera were those that most resembled their wild types and are therefore a more ‘sure bet’ for pollinator gardens,” lead author Emily Erickson said in an email to Botany One.

Gardens can provide vital refuges for wildlife, particularly in urban areas. While your own garden might be quite small, when combined with everyone else’s, your garden can help provide food and shelter for many creatures among a sprawl of concrete.

A bumble bee crawling over a cone flower, echinacea. The leaves are a purple shading towards pink, similar to a purple t-shirt that may have run slightly in the washing machine. The yellow stripes on the bee are slightly faded too, but it otherwise looks emphatically bee-like. It looks engrossed in the flower. — Bumble bee on an *echinacea*. Photo: Emily Erickson.

Ecologists have started taking more of an interest in the biodiversity of gardens, just as gardeners have become more interested in biodiversity in recent years. But gardens are peculiar. In nature, plants live where they can find pollinators, and their presence is part of a process of natural selection. In gardens, they’re there because a gardener wants them there. There are no ornamental plants in nature, but they’re abundant in gardens.

These plants are often altered in ways that matter to a pollinator. We might breed plants for an attractive perfume or a new petal colour, and these are features that matter to pollinators as they’re signals a plant uses to attract insects to its flowers. An added complication is that often changing one factor, like petal colour, can have effects elsewhere in the plant.

“One layer of this complexity is pleiotropy, where expression of multiple traits are controlled by a common gene and therefore selection on one trait impacts expression of the other. For example, colour expression in Mimulus is linked to petal structure traits,” said Erickson.

A complex diagram showing associations between flower traits and pollinators. Bees prefer purple flowers, while beetles and flies prefer yellow. Butterflies prefer a colour I cannot identify, being colour blind. Flies and beetles prefer narrow corollas, while bees and butterflies prefer wider flowers. Height and flower length also play a role in pollinator preference. — Biotic associations between pollinator taxonomic groups, bee species and floral phenotypic traits based on interpretation of linear regression and NMDS analyses. Source: Erickson *et al*. 2022.

The study examines five plants popular with gardeners, Salvia nemorosa, Nepeta, Echinacea, Rudbeckia, and Agastache. “For this study, we chose cultivars of plant taxa that we knew would attract pollinators and that were commercially popular. Perennial cultivars in particular are often used in pollinator gardens due to their more naturalistic style and low-maintenance growth habit,” said Erickson.

For her own garden, Erickson looks for variety, something she recommends to other gardeners seeking to attract pollinators. “Ultimately, the best habitat for pollinators contains many different plant types, as communities need diversity! When planning my own garden, I opt for cultivars or nativars that are consistent with a naturalistic style, provide season-long bloom, and grow well in a garden setting. Some of my current favorite pollinator-friendly perennial plants and their cultivars are Rudbeckia, Solidago, Asclepias, Oenthera, Scutellaria, and Monarda.”

You can read more details on how to attract pollinators in the research paper “Complex floral traits shape pollinator attraction to ornamental plants“, which is free for the public to access.

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Erickson, E., Junker, R.R., Ali, J.G., McCartney, N., Patch and Grozinger, C.M. (2022) “Complex floral traits shape pollinator attraction to ornamental plants,” Annals of Botany. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcac082